SKILL #3: Line-by-Line
🎯 Objective:
Learn how to effectively respond to your opponent’s arguments during a debate round by using defensive and offensive techniques, and how to organize your responses line-by-line.
What is Line-by-Line Refutation?
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Line-by-line means responding to each argument your opponent makes, in the order they presented them.
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It keeps your flow organized and makes it clear to the judge which arguments you’re answering.
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Use column flow: one column per speech (1AC, 1NC, etc.), writing their arguments and your responses underneath.
🛡️ Types of Responses
1️⃣ Defensive Responses (“They’re wrong”)
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Explain why your opponent’s argument isn’t valid.
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Use counter-evidence, logic, or point out flaws.
Example:
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Opponent: “Social media helps teens connect.”
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Response: “Multiple studies show social media increases loneliness and anxiety.”
2️⃣ Offensive Responses (Turns: “They help us!”)
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Flip their argument to support your side.
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Link Turn: Show how their reasoning links to your advantage.
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Impact Turn: Show how their claimed impact is actually bad.
Example:
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Opponent: “Banning junk food limits freedom.”
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Response: “Banning junk food promotes long-term health, which is a deeper form of freedom.”
How to Organize Your Flow
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Label each argument: e.g., “Start Times Good”
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Write a brief version of their argument
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Indent your response below it
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Keep your responses brief and clear
Pro Tip: Repeat the tagline (“Start Times Good”) when you respond to keep the flow aligned.
Practice Exercise
1️⃣ Flow a mock speech (real or imagined).
2️⃣ For each argument:
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Write a defensive response (why they’re wrong).
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Write an offensive response (why they help you).
3️⃣ Use a partner or coach to practice line-by-line rebuttals live.